/*******************************************************************/ /* The data set of interest consists of crime rates for 47 states */ /* in the United States, along with the values of 13 explanatoty */ /* possibly associated with crime. (The data were originally given */ /* in Vandaele W. (1978) Participation in illegitimate activities: */ /* Erlich revised, Deterrence and incapacitation - Blumstein A., */ /* Cohen J. and Nagin D. Eds - Wiley, New York.) */ /* A full description of the 14 data in these data is as follows : R Crime rate: the number of offences known to the police per 1,000,000 population Age Age distribution: the number of males aged 14 to 24 years per 1000 of total state population Ed Educational level: 10(mean number of years of schooling) of the population 25 years old and over Ex0 Police expenditure: per capita expenditure on police protection by state and local governments in 1960 EX1 Police expenditure: as Ex0, but for 1959 LF Labour force participation rate per 1000 civilian urban males in the age group 14 to 24 years M Number of males per 1000 females N State population size in hundred thousands NW Number of non-whites per 1000 U1 Unemployment rate of urban males per 1000 in the age group 14 to 24 years U2 Unemployment rate of urban males per 1000 in the age group 35 to 39 years W Wealth, as measured by the median value of transferable goods and assets or familly income (unit 10 dollars) X Income inequality: the number of families per 1000 earning below one half of the median income */ /* The main question of interest about these data concerns how the */ /* crime rate depends on the other variables listed. */ /*******************************************************************/ R Age Ed Ex0 Ex1 LF M N NW U1 U2 W X 79.1 151 91 58 56 510 950 33 301 108 41 394 261 163.5 143 113 103 95 583 1012 13 102 96 36 557 194 57.8 142 89 45 44 533 969 18 219 94 33 318 250 196.9 136 121 149 141 577 994 157 80 102 39 673 167 123.4 141 121 109 101 591 985 18 30 91 20 578 174 68.2 121 110 118 115 547 964 25 44 84 29 689 126 96.3 127 111 82 79 519 982 4 139 97 38 620 168 155.5 131 109 115 109 542 969 50 179 79 35 472 206 85.6 157 90 65 62 553 955 39 286 81 28 421 239 70.5 140 118 71 68 632 1029 7 15 100 24 526 174 167.4 124 105 121 116 580 966 101 106 77 35 657 170 84.9 134 108 75 71 595 972 47 59 83 31 580 172 51.1 128 113 67 60 624 972 28 10 77 25 507 206 66.4 135 117 62 61 595 986 22 46 77 27 529 190 79.8 152 87 57 53 530 986 30 72 92 43 405 264 94.6 142 88 81 77 497 956 33 321 116 47 427 247 53.9 143 110 66 63 537 977 10 6 114 35 487 166 92.9 135 104 123 115 537 978 31 170 89 34 631 165 75.0 130 116 128 128 536 934 51 24 78 34 627 135 122.5 125 108 113 105 567 985 78 94 130 58 626 166 74.2 126 108 74 67 602 984 34 12 102 33 557 195 43.9 157 89 47 44 512 962 22 423 97 34 288 276 121.6 132 96 87 83 564 953 43 92 83 32 513 227 96.8 131 116 78 73 574 1038 7 36 142 42 540 176 52.3 130 116 63 57 641 984 14 26 70 21 486 196 199.3 131 121 160 143 631 1071 3 77 102 41 674 152 34.2 135 109 69 71 540 965 6 4 80 22 564 139 121.6 152 112 82 76 571 1018 10 79 103 28 537 215 104.3 119 107 166 157 521 938 168 89 92 36 637 154 69.6 166 89 58 54 521 973 46 254 72 26 396 237 37.3 140 93 55 54 535 1045 6 20 135 40 453 200 75.4 125 109 90 81 586 964 97 82 105 43 617 163 107.2 147 104 63 64 560 972 23 95 76 24 462 233 92.3 126 118 97 97 542 990 18 21 102 35 589 166 65.3 123 102 97 87 526 948 113 76 124 50 572 158 127.2 150 100 109 98 531 964 9 24 87 38 559 153 83.1 177 87 58 56 638 974 24 349 76 28 382 254 56.6 133 104 51 47 599 1024 7 40 99 27 425 225 82.6 149 88 61 54 515 953 36 165 86 35 395 251 115.1 145 104 82 74 560 981 96 126 88 31 488 228 88.0 148 122 72 66 601 998 9 19 84 20 590 144 54.2 141 109 56 54 523 968 4 2 107 37 489 170 82.3 162 99 75 70 522 996 40 208 73 27 496 224 103.0 136 121 95 96 574 1012 29 36 111 37 622 162 45.5 139 88 46 41 480 968 19 49 135 53 457 249 50.8 126 104 106 97 599 989 40 24 78 25 593 171 84.9 130 121 90 91 623 1049 3 22 113 40 588 160